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The reopening of Australia's borders to international students following the pandemic has sparked a significant migration from Bhutan, as young individuals seek opportunities abroad amidst increasing economic dissatisfaction in the landlocked Himalayan nation. The migration of students from Bhutan to Australia has witnessed a sharp rise, with over 12,000 long-term arrivals making the move in the 11 months leading up to May alone. This influx represents approximately 1.5% of Bhutan's relatively small South Asian population, which is grappling with a youth unemployment rate in the double digits. Most of the recent arrivals have chosen to settle in Perth, Western Australia, where they have enrolled in various courses such as childcare, hospitality, and accounting. Tashi Kipchu, a 25-year-old education consultant, is among those who arrived in Australia last year in pursuit of better prospects. He remarked, "Right after COVID, everything came to a standstill. People no longer saw opportunities back home." Kipchu had pursued marketing studies at the University of Western Australia. Prior to 2017, apart from a limited humanitarian intake, migration from Bhutan to Australia had been minimal. However, the trend started to gain momentum in 2017 when student arrivals began to increase. The process accelerated after Australia reopened its borders in 2022, with official data indicating a fivefold surge in student visa applications from Bhutan in the fiscal year ending in June. This sudden influx of students has made Australia home to one of the largest Bhutanese expatriate communities outside of South Asia. Although they constitute a small portion of Australia's total international student population, their arrival is significant as the A$40 billion ($27 billion) education sector seeks to offset losses resulting from the reduced presence of foreign students during the pandemic, particularly from key markets like China, which have been slower to return. "Australian universities are eager to diversify, as they've been cautioned by both previous and current governments not to rely too heavily on just China, India, and Nepal," noted Phil Honeywood, Chief Executive Officer at the International Education Association of Australia. "They need to explore new education markets in different countries." Sonam Tobgay, Bhutan's inaugural ambassador to Australia since 2021, cited Australia's appeal, which includes relatively lower tuition fees and a favorable visa policy allowing students' dependents to work unlimited hours. Six of Bhutan's current 10 cabinet ministers have qualifications from Australian universities or institutes. Bhutan, known for its Gross National Happiness index that measures factors beyond conventional GDP, such as well-being and the environment, has experienced economic challenges due to its mostly closed economy, dependence on hydropower and tourism, and high energy prices, leading to a decline in foreign reserves. Additionally, government reforms in the public sector have prompted a mass exodus of working professionals, as the civil service is the country's largest employer. Located between India and China, Bhutan reopened its borders in September. However, increased tourist taxes have hampered recovery in the critical tourism industry, leading to high youth unemployment, which reached 28% last year. Faced with limited job prospects at home, many young Bhutanese have turned to Australia, which has relaxed visa restrictions to address its tightest labor market in 50 years. Kipchu, originally a chemical engineer in Bhutan, recognized a business opportunity upon arriving in Perth and established an education consultancy to assist prospective students from Bhutan. His company now employs 40-50 people in his home country. Kipchu anticipates that the trend of moving to Australia will continue, given the attractive job opportunities and flexibility for students to work in the country. At Kingston International College, a vocational education provider in Western Australia, approximately 150 Bhutanese students are receiving training. Bhutanese individuals follow successful examples and gravitate toward those areas for their studies and careers.

The BRICS, composed of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, represent a collective of international economies formed in 2010 when South Africa joined the existing BRIC group. This term "BRIC" or "the BRICs" was coined by Jim O'Neill, an economist at Goldman Sachs, in 2001 to refer to a group of rapidly growing economies expected to collectively wield significant influence over the global economy by 2050. Together, the BRICS nations account for 42% of the world's population and approximately 27% of the world's landmass. Among the world's largest nations in terms of population, territory, and GDP (PPP), Brazil, Russia, India, and China rank prominently. The latter three are considered contemporary superpowers or are still in the process of development. These five countries are also members of the G20, boasting a combined nominal GDP of US$28 trillion (approximately 27% of global GDP), a total GDP (PPP) of US$57 trillion (33% of global GDP PPP), and an estimated combined foreign reserve of US$4.5 trillion (as of 2018). Initially, when identified, the BRICS were not a recognized intergovernmental organization; rather, they were used to highlight investment opportunities. However, since 2009, they have evolved into a more cohesive geopolitical bloc, meeting formally every year at summits to coordinate multilateral policies. The fundamental principles guiding their bilateral relationships are non-interference, equality, and mutual benefit. With initiatives like the New Development Bank, the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, the BRICS payment system, the BRICS Joint Statistical Publication, and the BRICS basket reserve currency, the BRICS nations are perceived as a geopolitical counterpart to the G7 group of advanced economies. The group has been actively working to expand its membership since 2022, with several developing nations expressing interest in joining. Opinions on the BRICS have been mixed, with both praise and criticism. At the 15th BRICS Summit in August 2023, Cyril Ramaphosa, the President of South Africa, announced invitations to Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates to join the group. Full membership is set to become effective on January 1, 2024. History The term "BRIC" originally emerged within the context of foreign investment strategies and was introduced in 2001 by Jim O'Neill, who was then the chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management. The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC member states, which included Brazil, Russia, India, and China, convened in New York City in September 2006 during the General Debate of the UN Assembly. This marked the beginning of a series of high-level meetings. Subsequently, a full-scale diplomatic meeting took place in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on June 16, 2009. The first formal summit of the BRIC grouping also occurred in Yekaterinburg on June 16, 2009. It brought together the leaders of the four member states: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva from Brazil, Dmitry Medvedev from Russia, Manmohan Singh from India, and Hu Jintao from China. The primary focus of this summit was to address global economic challenges, reform financial institutions, and explore avenues for enhanced cooperation among these nations. The discussions also revolved around the increased participation of developing countries, with three out of the four BRIC members falling into this category, in global affairs. Following the 2009 Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations jointly expressed the need for a new global reserve currency that should be characterized by being "diverse, stable, and predictable." While this statement did not directly criticize the perceived dominance of the US dollar, it did have the effect of causing a decline in the value of the dollar compared to other major currencies. The BRICS: Entry of South Africa In 2010, South Africa initiated efforts to become part of the BRIC grouping, and the formal admission process began in August of that year. South Africa's official membership in the BRIC group was confirmed on December 24, 2010, following a formal invitation extended by China and subsequent acceptance by the other BRIC countries. As a result of South Africa's inclusion, the group was renamed BRICS, with the "S" now representing South Africa, signifying the expansion of the group. In April 2011, Jacob Zuma, the President of South Africa, participated as a full member in the 2011 BRICS summit held in Sanya, China. New Development Bank In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged a total of $75 billion to enhance the lending capacity of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, this commitment was contingent upon reforms in IMF voting procedures. During the fifth BRICS summit held in Durban in March 2013, the member countries reached an agreement to establish a global financial institution that would collaborate with the traditionally western-dominated IMF and World Bank. They aimed to establish this institution, known as the New Development Bank, by 2014. Nevertheless, disagreements related to the distribution of responsibilities and the location of the institution hindered the progress of these agreements. At the BRICS leaders meeting in St. Petersburg in September 2013, China pledged $41 billion, Brazil, India, and Russia each committed $18 billion, and South Africa contributed $5 billion to the pool of funds. Given China's substantial foreign exchange reserves and its significant financial contribution, it sought a more prominent role in managing the institution and also advocated for the bank's headquarters to be located in China. In October 2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov stated that the creation of a $100 billion fund aimed at stabilizing currency markets would be pursued in early 2014. Brazil's Finance Minister, Guido Mantega, confirmed the intention to establish this fund by March 2014. However, by April 2014, the establishment of both the currency reserve pool and the development bank had not been realized, and the target date was pushed back to 2015. One driving factor behind the creation of the BRICS development bank was the belief that existing international institutions primarily favored non-BRICS corporations. Additionally, the political significance of the bank lay in its ability to enable BRICS member states to advance their interests globally, shedding light on the growing influence of countries whose perspectives were often overlooked by their developed American and European counterparts. In July 2014, during the sixth BRICS summit in Fortaleza, the BRICS nations officially signed agreements to establish the New Development Bank, initially known as the "BRICS Development Bank," with a capital of $100 billion, as well as a reserve currency pool exceeding another $100 billion. Additionally, documents outlining cooperation between BRICS export credit agencies and agreements on innovation cooperation were also signed. The Fortaleza summit was followed by a meeting between BRICS and the Union of South American Nations presidents in Brasilia, further solidifying BRICS' diplomatic and economic engagement. Other initiatives Since 2011, the National Institutes of Statistics of the BRICS member countries, which include IBGE, Rosstat, the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the Central Statistics Office (India), and Statistics South Africa, have been collaboratively producing an annual joint statistical publication. This publication serves the purpose of contextualizing statistical production, comparing methodologies, and sharing statistical results among the participating nations. It acts as a unified data platform for the mutual benefit of all BRICS countries. Starting from 2012, the BRICS countries have been planning the implementation of an optical fiber submarine communications cable system known as the BRICS Cable. This system aims to facilitate telecommunications between BRICS nations. One of the driving factors behind this project was concerns related to the U.S. National Security Agency's surveillance of telecommunications flowing in and out of the United States. However, as of 2023, the construction of this proposed cable network has not yet commenced. Following the 2015 summit, the communication ministers of the BRICS countries, under a Russian proposal, convened their first summit for their respective ministries in Moscow in October. During this meeting, Russian Minister Nikolai Nikiforov proposed an initiative to strengthen their information technology sectors and challenge the dominance of the United States in this sector. In August 2019, communication ministers from BRICS countries signed a letter of intent to cooperate in the Information and Communication Technology sector. This agreement was formalized during the fifth meeting of communication ministers from BRICS member countries, held in Brasília, Brazil. The New Development Bank has plans to provide $15 billion in support to member nations to help their economies recover from the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Member countries are hopeful for a smooth economic recovery and a return to pre-COVID-19 levels of trade. The 2020 BRICS summit was held virtually in St. Petersburg, Russia, and focused on discussions regarding the handling of the pandemic and reforms to the multilateral system. During the 13th BRICS summit in 2021, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a transparent investigation into the origins of COVID-19 under the World Health Organization, with the full cooperation of all countries. Chinese leader Xi Jinping subsequently emphasized the need for BRICS countries to oppose the politicization of this investigation process. In May 2023, South Africa announced that it would grant diplomatic immunity to Vladimir Putin and other Russian officials, allowing them to attend the 15th BRICS Summit despite an ICC arrest warrant for Putin. However, in July 2023, the Russian president announced that he would not personally attend the BRICS summit in Johannesburg, opting for remote participation in all BRICS leaders' sessions, including the Business Forum, and delivering his remarks virtually. 2024 expansion In August 2023, during the 15th BRICS Summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa made a significant announcement. He revealed that invitations had been extended to six emerging market countries—Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates—to join the BRICS bloc. The transition to full membership is set to become effective on January 1, 2024. This expansion represents a strategic move towards establishing a "multipolar" world order, one that aims to elevate the voices of previously marginalized nations from the Global South. The goal is to bring these nations into the forefront of the global agenda, fostering greater diversity and inclusivity in international discussions and decision-making processes.

The Bhutan is embarking on a cryptocurrency mining project as part of its ambition to establish a modern 21st-century economy. Bhutan has partnered with Bitdeer Technologies Group, a Singapore-based company listed on Nasdaq, to create a 600-megawatt mining facility for Bitcoin, the leading cryptocurrency. Bitdeer was scheduled to launch a closed-end fund in late May with the aim of raising $500 million from international investors for this project, and it has been confirmed that the fundraising initiative has indeed begun. Ujjwal Deep Dahal, CEO of Druk Holding and Investments (DHI), the government's investment arm collaborating with Bitdeer, explained, "Despite Bhutan's geographical limitations and connectivity challenges due to being landlocked and mountainous, its environmentally friendly and relatively inexpensive power supply presents an opportunity to invest in digital assets, fostering a more connected and sustainable economy." He added, "By doing so, we can enhance local expertise and involvement in the rapidly evolving technology landscape, enabling Bhutanese citizens to engage in the modern global economy from within Bhutan." This venture into crypto mining, a famously unpredictable and contentious industry, comes at a time when Bhutan is still recovering from the economic setbacks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to a 10% contraction of its economy in 2020. The country has seen a decline in foreign currency reserves, a rise in nonperforming loans in manufacturing and tourism, and a 29% youth unemployment rate last year. These challenges have cast a shadow over Bhutan's "development success story," as described by the World Bank, with approximately 12.4% of its population, around 786,000 people, living below the national poverty line in the past year, up from 8.2% in 2017 according to government surveys. Despite this, economic growth is projected to reach 4.6% this year. However, due to new regulations and a slow recovery in global travel, tourism, the country's second-largest revenue source, is not expected to return to pre-pandemic levels until 2025. The government aims to diversify its economy on its way to becoming a high-income nation within the next decade. They are exploring opportunities not only in blockchain-based currencies but also in fields like artificial intelligence, robotics, and biotechnology. The education system is undergoing reforms to prioritize critical thinking, creativity, and digital literacy, including coding lessons for students aged 8 and older. For cryptocurrency miners, Bhutan's environmentally friendly and relatively low-cost energy supply, mainly from hydropower, makes it an attractive destination. Jihan Wu, Chairman of Bitdeer Technologies Group, expressed excitement about utilizing Bhutan's emissions-free power to sustainably enable blockchain technologies, which will form a solid foundation for a global store of value. The mining operations, initially accounting for 100 MW, are set to commence in September, with plans to expand to 600 MW within the next three years. The power will be sold to the operator at a negotiated rate. At 100 MW, this project would become the country's largest energy consumer, and at 600 MW, it would consume more energy than the entire nation combined. Bhutan's peak demand for electricity was recorded at around 488 MW in December 2021. Bhutan currently has an installed capacity of approximately 2,400 MW and exports most of its river hydro-generated electricity to India during the summer. In the winter, it imports electricity when its generation drops to around 414 MW. However, the consistent power supply is expected to increase with the opening of a new 118 MW power plant later this year and a 1,020 MW facility in October 2024. While Bhutan's equity stake in the project may be small, it promises to generate income through power sales, taxes, and profit-sharing. These funds will be used to strengthen the electric grid and telecom network further. The project is also expected to create between 300 to 400 jobs for Bhutanese citizens and open up new opportunities for research and development in blockchain and asset design, collaborating with universities. However, there is a degree of caution regarding the use of natural resources to enter an unpredictable industry that few fully comprehend. Other countries that ventured into crypto mining, such as Kazakhstan, faced challenges like straining their power grids and localized blackouts. Some countries, including former crypto mining leader China, banned mining due to its significant energy consumption. Additionally, the volatility of cryptocurrencies is a concern. Bitcoin's value, for example, experienced a sharp drop from $68,000 to $17,000 in 2021, before rebounding to over $30,000 this year. Despite these uncertainties, many in Bhutan view Bitcoin mining as a calculated risk, given its status as a finite and desirable commodity, with most of the supply already mined. Furthermore, there is optimism that cryptocurrencies will become more mainstream, adding to their appeal. Tshering Cigay, the former CEO of Thimphu Techpark, an IT development hub in Bhutan, believes that the country should take advantage of its competitive edge and diversify its energy market, although he acknowledges the challenges associated with cryptocurrency trading.

In the serene landscapes of Bhutan, amidst the towering Himalayan mountains and colorful prayer flags, a new chapter of women's football is unfolding. The Bhutan Women's National League has kicked off with fervor and enthusiasm, and after the first match week, it's Thimphu Women's FC and RTC Women's FC who have taken the early lead, promising an exciting season ahead. The Bhutan Women's National League for the current season is witnessing fierce competition among six prominent teams: Gelephu Academy Girls, Transport United Ladies, RTC Women’s FC, Thimphu Women’s FC, Samtse Women’s FC, and Ugyen Academy Women’s FC. Each team brings its own unique style and talent to the league, making for a captivating spectacle on the football pitch. Thimphu Women’s FC and RTC Women’s FC each secured a victory, putting them at the top of the Bhutan Women’s National League points table for the new season. Following the completion of the first match week, the league matches will be temporarily halted for a month to accommodate the SAFF Under-16 Championship 2023. Similarly, the BOB Premier League will also be put on hold. The Bhutan Women’s National League for this season kicked off on Monday. Participating teams in this season include Gelephu Academy Girls, Transport United Ladies, RTC Women’s FC, Thimphu Women’s FC, Samtse Women’s FC, and Ugyen Academy Women’s FC. In the inaugural match, Transport United Ladies and Gelephu Academy Girls played to a 2-2 draw. On the following Tuesday, RTC Women’s FC secured a 3-0 victory over Ugyen Academy Women’s FC. The match week concluded with an impressive 6-1 triumph for Thimphu Women’s FC against Samtse Women’s FC. As a result, Thimphu Women’s FC leads the league, while Samtse Women’s FC finds themselves at the bottom of the standings. In the BoB Bhutan Premier League, Transport United FC and Paro FC currently hold the top positions with 15 points each. According to Bhutan Football Federation officials, during the break, many players will be participating in international tournaments. Phuntsho Wangdi, the head of media and marketing at the Bhutan Football Federation, stated, ‘‘The men’s national team is heading to Macau to prepare for the World Cup qualifiers, so most of the BPL players will be on national team duty. The women’s national team is in a similar situation, as they will be traveling to Saudi Arabia to compete in the Saudi King’s Cup.’’ He also mentioned that players competing in the national leagues face challenges, particularly in obtaining leave approvals. ‘‘Many of the players are students, some in college, some in schools. Obtaining leave from school or college is a major issue we encounter, and the availability of training time is another challenge.’’ Likewise, women footballers are advocating for equal opportunities to participate in regional and continental club championships, similar to what is afforded to men. Pema Choden Tshering, the head of Women's Football at the Bhutan Football Federation, stated, ‘‘The men's winner of the BOB Bhutan Premier League gets to participate in the AFC Championship, but we don't have that yet for the women's league. I believe AFC will be implementing that in the future.’’ However, it's important to note that the AFC Women’s Club Championship is still in its pilot phase. The Bhutan Football Federation anticipates that Bhutan Women’s National League champions will have opportunities in the future once the championship is fully established.

Drukair Corporation Limited, known as Drukair — Royal Bhutan Airlines, serves as the official airline of the Kingdom of Bhutan. It has its headquarters located in the western dzongkhag of Paro. Established in 1981, a decade after King Druk Gyalpo Jigme Dorji Wangchuck began the process of opening Bhutan to the world and seven years following the country's first foreign visitors, Drukair commenced its flight operations in 1983. Initially, it operated flights connecting Kolkata to Paro using Dornier 228 aircraft. In November 1988, the airline transitioned to BAe 146-100 aircraft, and to meet growing demand, it replaced these planes with five Airbus A319s in 2004. Drukair's primary base is Paro Airport, from which it operates a limited but strategically planned flight network within South Asia and Southeast Asia. Currently, Drukair serves thirteen destinations across six countries. The airline maintains a fleet comprising four Airbus A320 family jets, consisting of three A319s and one A320neo, in addition to one ATR 42 turboprop regional aircraft. History In 1968, an airstrip was constructed in the Paro valley by the Indian Border Roads Organisation. Initially, this airstrip was used for helicopter operations by the Indian Armed Forces to assist the Royal Government of Bhutan. Drukair, the national airline of Bhutan, was established on 5 April 1981, following approval from King Jigme Singye Wangchuck and the Tshogdu. This occurred a decade after King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck had begun opening up the Kingdom after a period of self-imposed isolation and seven years after welcoming its first foreign visitors. Paro Airport is situated deep within a valley at an altitude of 2,235 meters (7,333 feet) above sea level and is surrounded by mountains as tall as 4,900 meters (16,100 feet). At that time, the runway measured 1,200 meters (3,900 feet) in length. This dictated specific requirements for the type of aircraft that could be operated from the airport. The Bhutanese government needed an aircraft capable of short takeoff and landing (STOL) with a seating capacity of 18-20 passengers. Additionally, it had to possess a high service ceiling, rate of climb, and maneuverability. The primary requirement was that the aircraft should be capable of flying non-stop from Kolkata to Paro and back, covering a round-trip distance of 1,200 kilometers (750 miles) due to limited refueling infrastructure at Paro. Three different aircraft types underwent flight tests in India and Bhutan between 1978 and 1980, but none met the criteria. In the mid-1980s, the Indian government formed a committee to assess its own need for a light transport aircraft. Following this competition, the Bhutanese government placed an order for a Dornier 228-200, with delivery scheduled for January 1983. They also had the option to order a second aircraft for delivery later that year. The first 18-seat Dornier 228-200 touched down at Paro Airport on 14 January 1983, and the time of arrival, the number of passengers onboard, and even the parking direction on the airport apron were predetermined by the high lama of Paro Dzong. Drukair commenced its scheduled revenue flights on 11 February 1983, with Flight 101 departing from Paro to Kolkata and returning as Flight 102 the following day. Initially, the flight operated three times a week, later increasing to a daily frequency. At that time, Paro Airport consisted of the runway, a two-room air traffic control building (with the ground floor serving as the check-in counter), and a departure lounge on the lawn. Before the establishment of the Department of Civil Aviation in January 1986, the airline managed the operation and maintenance of airport infrastructure. Drukair expanded its network to include Dhaka, Bangladesh, starting on 30 October 1986. On December 30, 1987, an order totaling $25 million was placed with British Aerospace for the acquisition of a BAe 146-100 STOL regional jet. This purchase was financed by the government, marking the first instance in the country's history where a commercial loan was obtained for such a purpose. In 1988, Drukair relocated its operational base from Kolkata to Paro Airport and also recruited its inaugural seven flight attendants, who received training from Thai Airways International. The BAe 146 was delivered to Paro Airport on November 21, 1988, enabling Drukair to expand its network by connecting Paro with Delhi on November 26, 1988, Bangkok on January 28, 1989, and Kathmandu in April 1989. During its initial year of service with the BAe 146, the airline exceeded expectations, achieving an average load factor of 50–60 percent and transporting 12,732 passengers between 1989 and 1990, surpassing the anticipated 40 percent. In 1990, Paro Airport's runway was extended from 1,400 meters to 2,000 meters and strengthened to accommodate heavier aircraft. The construction of an aircraft hangar was also funded by the Indian government as part of the Paro Airport Development Project. On November 9, 1990, King Jigme Singye requisitioned the airline's sole aircraft to facilitate his travel to Tokyo for the coronation of Emperor Akihito of Japan. Subsequently, the King journeyed to Malé in the Maldives for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation summit from November 21 to 23 before returning to Bhutan, allowing the aircraft to resume service on November 25. This caused a disruption in Bhutan's tourism industry due to a government requirement that foreign tourists (except Indian nationals) enter and exit the country by air, resulting in substantial penalties for tour operators. This problem was partially alleviated with the introduction of a second BAe 146 in 1992. On November 11, 1993, the airline introduced a 10-seat Executive Class on its aircraft. Drukair was officially registered under the Companies Act of Bhutan on May 13, 1991, and it commenced service to Yangon, Myanmar's capital, on January 6, 1997. Passengers traveling on Drukair flights between Kathmandu and Paro are afforded the opportunity to view Mount Everest. Between 2000 and 2001, Drukair operated with just one aircraft for over a year due to a corrosion defect in its A5-RGD aircraft's wing tanks, which was discovered during an inspection at Woodford. The wings were subsequently replaced, and in 2002, an RJ70 was wet-leased from airBaltic to cover for maintenance on A5-RGE. In April 2000, Drukair became the launch customer for the Avro RJX-85 when it placed an order for two aircraft with BAE Systems. Initially, deliveries were slated for November 2001 and January 2002. However, delays in the first flight and certification of the RJX pushed the expected delivery date to after April 2002. BAE Systems ultimately canceled the RJX program in November 2002, as only two airlines, Drukair and British European, had placed orders. British European threatened legal action to enforce their contract with BAE Systems, leading the aircraft manufacturer to offer to fulfill the contract for Drukair. Nevertheless, the airline decided against acquiring the aircraft, citing potential challenges in sourcing spare parts in the future. In the quest for replacements for its two BAe 146s, Drukair management considered submissions from Airbus, Boeing, and Embraer to assess the suitability of their products for meeting the airline's rigorous operational requirements. Although Bombardier was invited to showcase the CRJ900 regional jet, they advised that it was unsuitable for Paro operations. In February 2002, the Airbus A319 became the largest aircraft to land at Paro Airport during a demonstration. Boeing withdrew from the competition later in October due to difficulties in sourcing an aircraft for demonstration. While the Embraer E-190 had not yet flown, it was anticipated that Drukair would order the A319. However, concerns about financing for the purchase delayed the final decision in October. After a brief period, the government instructed management to restart evaluations, and in February 2003, a Boeing 737-700 underwent eleven test flights at Paro Airport, demonstrating its suitability for the airline's operations. In July 2003, Airbus signed a memorandum of understanding with Drukair for the acquisition of two 114-seat Airbus A319-115 aircraft powered by two CFM56-5B engines. These were scheduled for delivery in the second half of 2004. The acquisition of these two jets, valued at 3,534.36 million Bhutanese ngultrum (BTN), represented the largest single purchase ever made by Bhutan and contributed to a 250 percent increase in the Bhutanese trade deficit for the financial year 2004–2005 compared to the previous year. The Bhutanese government issued government bonds worth BTN 1,767.18 million to finance one aircraft and, for only the second time in Bhutan's history, intended to seek a commercial loan for the other aircraft. However, in October 2004, it announced its intention to seek a soft loan for this purpose instead. On November 11, 2003, Drukair initiated services to Gaya, India, on the occasion of the king's birthday. Bodh Gaya, located 10 kilometers from Gaya, houses the Mahabodhi Temple where Siddhārtha Gautama, the Buddha, attained enlightenment. Approximately 30,000–40,000 Bhutanese make the pilgrimage to Bodh Gaya each year. Prior to Drukair's service, pilgrims had to undertake a 2–3-day overland journey from the Bhutanese border town of Phuntsholing. Drukair aimed to capture 20–30% of this traffic, although it had not yet recorded a profit on the route as of February 2006. The following month, in response to efforts by the Royal Bhutan Army to expel Indian separatist insurgent groups from Bhutanese territory, particularly the United Liberation Front of Asom and the National Democratic Front of Bodoland, flights to Dhaka were suspended from December 29 to prevent insurgents from using Drukair flights to escape to alleged hideouts in Bangladesh. In 2007, Drukair achieved its first profitable year, with earnings of BTN 31.15 million. The two BAe 146 aircraft were subsequently sold to Star Perú for US$3.3 million in October 2007. On November 11, 2007, Druk Gyalpo Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck issued a Royal Kasho to establish Druk Holding and Investments Limited, a holding company tasked with managing the Royal Bhutanese government's current and future investments. This move resulted in the transfer of ownership of seven government-owned companies, including Drukair, from the Ministry of Finance to the newly formed holding company. Druk Holding and Investments, incorporated on November 13, 2007, announced in December 2007 that the head of the government agency overseeing tourism development in Bhutan would become the chairperson of Drukair, focusing on enhancing the national airline's performance, given its critical role in Bhutan's tourism industry. In March 2008, Drukair introduced a new uniform for its flight attendants, consisting of a contemporary kira and tego, to commemorate the centenary celebrations of the monarchy and the airline's silver jubilee. The uniform design was selected through a competition, with the winning designer receiving a BTN 75,000 prize. The textiles for the uniform were chosen via a competition organized by Drukair and the United Nations Development Programme, promoting the Bhutanese textile industry and culture. Despite Bhutan's efforts to preserve its cultural integrity, Drukair faced challenges common to the global airline industry. In June 2008, citing rising oil prices and the need to control operational expenses, the airline reduced flight frequencies and increased airfares. It also capitalized on lower jet fuel costs at Delhi, Kolkata, and Bangkok airports. Drukair frequently leased its aircraft to other airlines, including Myanmar Airways International and Bangkok Airways, to maintain higher utilization rates and generate extra revenue.

With the proliferation of CSOs, the task of collaborative decision-making and joint program implementation among these organizations encountered increasing challenges. This sector saw a surge in diversity and dispersion. To preserve the sense of unity within the sector, a select group of CSO leaders took the initiative to establish the Core Coordinating Committee (CCC) during the CSO quarterly meeting held in October 2015. This committee consisted of representatives elected from various CSOs and marked the inception of fostering unity among CSOs in Bhutan. In a leadership workshop held in 2021, CSO leaders reached a unanimous consensus to rename the CCC as the Bhutan Civil Society Network (BCSN) with the intention of creating a more inclusive and representative identity that resonates with the entire sector. The CCC was seen as a distinct 'core' committee, somewhat detached from the larger fraternity. Consequently, the CCC transformed into a comprehensive network encompassing all CSOs across Bhutan. The operational oversight of the network is entrusted to the Executive Committee, composed of ten members: eight chosen from eight thematic groups and two distinguished members affiliated with the Civil Society Organisations Authority. The day-to-day management of the network's secretariat is overseen by a program officer. From its modest beginnings, the BCSN has undergone a remarkable evolution. Presently, it stands as a dynamic platform that facilitates dialogue, collaboration, and partnerships for all CSOs. VISION An equitable, just, inclusive, and compassionate society guided by the GNH values MISSION To strengthen civil society as a credible, compassionate, and inclusive agent of change. To create a collaborative, inclusive, and enabling environment to address the diverse needs of people and other living beings. To promote, advocate and strengthen active citizen engagement in democratic governance and development of communities.

“When a child learns a sport, the child also learns compassion and kindness, leadership and inspiration, and hard work and service — all core principles to our nation’s foundation.” - Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck. Sports play a significant role in Bhutan's youth culture, with football and archery being popular choices. However, over the past decade, baseball has emerged as a rapidly growing sport in the country. Introduced just ten years ago, baseball has gained remarkable traction and is now on the cusp of becoming one of Bhutan's most played sports. Growing Popularity and Participation Since its introduction, baseball has witnessed a surge in popularity among Bhutanese youth. With approximately six thousand participants annually, the demand for the sport is widespread. This growth is a testament to the sport's appeal and the enthusiasm it generates among young athletes. Ugyen Pelzang hits a ball during a pickup game of baseball at the Great Buddha Dordenma in Bhutan. -Matthew DeSantis Youth League and Gender Equality The launch of the "Bhutan Amateur Baseball League" in the under 15 age category showcases the commitment to nurturing baseball talent from a young age. In a commendable move towards gender equality, the league saw equal participation from both male and female students – 45 each – highlighting the sport's universal appeal and the breaking down of traditional gender barriers. While the growth of baseball in Bhutan is promising, certain challenges need to be addressed. The cost of importing equipment due to the difficult mountainous terrain is a considerable hurdle. Additionally, the lack of dedicated baseball fields remains an ongoing issue, requiring creative solutions such as repurposing existing soccer or cricket fields. BBSA's Role and Initiatives The Bhutan Baseball and Softball Association (BBSA) has played a pivotal role in fostering the growth of baseball in the country. The association's inclusive programs catering to all ages above six, and their weekly accessibility on Sundays, have been instrumental in attracting a diverse range of participants. The association's efforts to develop a strong national team have inspired young athletes to engage in dedicated training. To expand the sport's reach, the baseball team regularly launches regional campaigns to introduce the sport in various parts of Bhutan. These campaigns not only help increase awareness but also provide a platform for potential talent to emerge from across the nation. Promising Future Despite being relatively new to Bhutan, baseball's allure continues to captivate the youth. The consistent increase in participant numbers each year underscores its potential to become the country's most popular sport. With the unwavering support and enthusiasm displayed by Bhutanese youth, baseball's ascent within the nation's sports landscape is both exciting and promising. Baseball's remarkable growth in Bhutan stands as a testament to the passion and dedication of its youth. The combination of accessible programs, gender equality, and grassroots initiatives by BBSA has set the stage for a bright future for the sport. While challenges persist, the love for baseball and its increasing popularity indicate that it has the potential to carve a prominent place for itself in Bhutan's sporting tapestry.

In the battle against the impacts of climate change, there emerge individuals who shine as genuine heroes, committing their lives to effecting change. Among these champions is Jamyang Wangchuk, an impassioned climate advocate hailing from Bhutan, who operates at the grassroots level. Driven by a profound affection for the environment and a stark awareness of the dire consequences of climate change, Wangchuk has initiated a journey aimed at instigating action and safeguarding the receding Himalayan glaciers. Under his ongoing endeavor named 'The Messenger: Ride for Action,' Wangchuk is leading a cycling campaign that seeks to promote awareness and demand immediate climate-oriented measures from global leaders and corporations. Central to this undertaking is Wangchuk's pedaling voyage across the Himalayan expanse, with a symbolic plastic bottle brimming with glacial water in tow. "This bottle stands as a representation of the global plastic pollution crisis," Wangchuk conveyed to Newsweek, elaborating, "The glacial meltwater encapsulates the vanishing Himalayan glaciers. The initiative was initially launched in Bhutan during 2022 and has now broadened its reach to encompass various regions across Asia. Wangchuk's travel plan encompasses a route to Dubai, timed to coincide with the imminent United Nations Climate Change Conference, also known as the COP 28 summit, scheduled from November 30 to December 12. Looking further into the future, Wangchuk's expedition is projected to extend across diverse continents until the year 2030. According to Wangchuk's statement to Newsweek, "We are advocating for three pivotal messages: halting deforestation, an immediate transition towards renewable energy, and integrating climate crisis studies into school curricula. Newsweek engaged in a conversation with Wangchuk in his homeland of Bhutan, delving into his expedition, his driving forces, the intended impact of his efforts, and the collective challenges that unite us. Discover more about Wangchuk, the freshest addition to Newsweek's esteemed lineup of Planet Heroes, by viewing the featured video profile above. Among the distinguished Newsweek Planet Heroes roster, you'll find names like Conner Ives, a visionary in the slow fashion movement, curating top-tier, limited-run collections primarily sourced from recycled materials. Also highlighted is Sophia Kianni, founder of a non-profit that strives to democratize climate change information for non-English speakers. Not to be missed are Gaurab Chakrabarti and Sean Hunt from Solugen, a pioneering startup behind an eco-conscious method to craft everyday industrial compounds. Over the upcoming months, we'll be presenting a fresh Planet Hero each week, celebrating their contributions to the planet.

In a world driven by economic calculations and cost-benefit analyses, it's easy to equate the worth of an experience with its price tag. However, there are places on this planet where the true value extends far beyond mere dollars. Bhutan, a small Himalayan kingdom nestled between India and China, stands as a testament to the fact that some experiences are truly priceless. Gross National Happiness (GNH) over GDP Bhutan has gained international acclaim for its groundbreaking philosophy of prioritizing Gross National Happiness (GNH) over Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This innovative approach reflects the country's commitment to the well-being and happiness of its citizens and visitors alike. Instead of focusing solely on economic indicators, Bhutan's GNH index takes into account nine key dimensions, including psychological well-being, health, education, time use, cultural diversity, good governance, community vitality, ecological diversity, and living standards. This emphasis on holistic happiness creates an environment where travelers can truly disconnect from the pressures of materialism and connect with the more profound aspects of life. Unspoiled Natural Beauty Bhutan is a sanctuary of untouched natural beauty, boasting a landscape that ranges from lush subtropical valleys to rugged mountain terrains. The kingdom's commitment to environmental conservation is enshrined in its constitution, which mandates that at least 60% of its land must remain under forest cover. This dedication to preserving nature has resulted in breathtaking vistas, crystal-clear rivers, and diverse ecosystems that are home to rare and endangered species. Treasures like the Paro Taktsang (Tiger's Nest) Monastery, perched dramatically on a cliffside, and the lush Phobjikha Valley, which serves as a winter haven for migrating black-necked cranes, offer visitors a sense of wonder and serenity that transcends monetary value. The opportunity to immerse oneself in such natural splendor is a priceless gift that keeps on giving. Cultural Riches Bhutan's rich cultural heritage is another facet of its immeasurable value. The kingdom's commitment to preserving its traditions and way of life is evident in the architecture, clothing, and customs that remain deeply rooted in Bhutanese society. The annual Tshechu festivals, where locals and visitors gather to witness vibrant masked dances, offer an unparalleled glimpse into Bhutan's spiritual and artistic essence. The Bhutanese people's warm hospitality and genuine friendliness create an atmosphere of connection and belonging that is difficult to quantify. By engaging with local communities, travelers gain insights into a way of life that values spiritual well-being, community bonds, and cultural continuity. These experiences forge connections that transcend financial transactions, making a visit to Bhutan an investment in meaningful human connections. Inner Journeys and Reflection Beyond the external wonders, Bhutan offers a unique opportunity for inner journeys and self-reflection. The tranquil ambiance, with its monasteries perched in serene mountain settings, invites visitors to disconnect from the chaos of modern life and reconnect with their inner selves. Whether it's through meditation, yoga, or simply enjoying the peaceful surroundings, Bhutan's environment fosters a sense of introspection that is essential for personal growth and well-being. In a world where experiences are often assessed based on their monetary cost, Bhutan stands as a powerful counterexample. Its emphasis on Gross National Happiness, unspoiled natural beauty, rich cultural heritage, and opportunities for inner exploration make it a destination where the true value far surpasses the price tag. A visit to Bhutan is a priceless journey that enriches the spirit, broadens horizons, and reminds us that there are some treasures in life that cannot be measured in dollars and cents.

Painting and craftsmanship have been a very popular culture among the Bhutanese for centuries. Lha-zho, also known as the art of painting, has been practiced for many generations. These traditional paintings are commonly found on walls, flags, canvas, wood and many other materials. However, in order to keep up with the modernizing countries around the glove, young Bhutanese artist have been generally attracted by the concept of digital painting. Due to the popular culture of Animation we have found many individuals that have opted for digital art. What is digital painting? Digital painting is an art from using computer software, a graphic tablet and a stylus pen. It is a very popular means of painting as of right now due to its ease of use and an diverse library, to pick and implement tools or brushes for free. Why is digital painting practiced more? From a survey conducted with 83 young artist. - It is in demand in various career paths and it is vastly influential. ‘Anime’ a very common show that is overwhelmingly popular with a huge fanbase generally influences these digital styled paintings. What are the common platforms used by the Bhutanese artist right now? 1. Krita. Krita is a free painting software that has a variety of brushes and canvas to choose from. It is supported in all three operating system like windows, apple and linux. It has all the features to create, animate or model designs to, due to it being completely free, 74% of the Bhutanese are currently using krita as a tool for painting. 2. Procreate. Procreate is an app that comes with any apple product. The app has features that allows the user to paint with ease. Many logo design and character modeling have been created using this software. The only downside of this app is that it only supports apple and therefore many do not have access to use this wonderful app. As of right now only 7% of the artist use procreate for painting. 3. Adobe photoshop painting. A tool that is currently the standard accepted by multinational companies. The app is a beast when it comes to features and vast libraries. It not only supports all the three operating system, but it is also compatible with mobile phones. 10% of Bhutanese uses this app as of right now. However the app is not free and therefore only dedicated artist use this app.

Nestled in the heart of the Himalayas, Bhutan is a land of breathtaking beauty, rich culture, and spiritual serenity. Known as the "Land of the Thunder Dragon," this enchanting kingdom offers a unique blend of tradition and modernity. From monasteries perched on cliffs to lush valleys and vibrant festivals, Bhutan promises an unforgettable journey. Here's a list of must-do activities and experiences to make the most of your visit: 1. Visit the Iconic Tiger's Nest Monastery (Paro Taktsang): Start your Bhutanese adventure with a hike to this stunning monastery that seems to defy gravity as it clings to the edge of a cliff. The panoramic views and spiritual aura make the journey truly special. 2. Immerse Yourself in Thimphu: Bhutan's capital, Thimphu, offers a blend of tradition and modernity. Visit the Memorial Chorten, Buddha Dordenma statue, and the Folk Heritage Museum. Don't miss the weekend market, where locals gather to trade goods and socialize. 3. Experience a Festival: Bhutanese festivals, or "tshechus," are vibrant celebrations of culture and spirituality. These events feature traditional dances, masked performances, and elaborate costumes. The Paro and Thimphu tshechus are among the most renowned. 4. Explore Punakha Dzong: This picturesque fortress-monastery sits at the confluence of two rivers and is known for its stunning architecture. It holds immense cultural and historical significance as the traditional winter residence of Bhutan's religious leaders. 5. Hike the Dochula Pass: Journey through rhododendron forests and prayer flag-adorned hills to reach the Dochula Pass. Marvel at the panoramic views of the Himalayas and the 108 chortens (stupas) that dot the landscape. 6. Discover Bhutanese Cuisine: Sample traditional dishes such as "ema datshi" (chili and cheese), "momos" (dumplings), and "suja" (butter tea). Bhutanese cuisine offers a unique blend of flavors and spices. 7. Enjoy Hot Stone Baths: Experience the therapeutic benefits of a traditional Bhutanese hot stone bath. Heated river stones are added to water infused with medicinal herbs, creating a relaxing and rejuvenating experience. Embark on a journey of cultural discovery, natural wonder, and spiritual enlightenment as you explore the hidden gems of Bhutan. With its untouched landscapes and profound sense of spirituality, Bhutan promises an experience like no other.

The Sustainable Development Fee (SDF) of $200 in Bhutan has garnered attention for its unique approach to tourism management and conservation. Bhutan, often referred to as the "Land of the Thunder Dragon," is known for its breathtaking landscapes, rich culture, and commitment to preserving its environment and unique way of life. The SDF is a testament to Bhutan's dedication to sustainable development and responsible tourism. In this article, we delve into the reasons why the SDF costs $200 and how it contributes to Bhutan's overall development. Preservation of Culture and Environment Bhutan's approach to tourism is centered around preserving its distinct culture and pristine environment. The SDF plays a crucial role in achieving this goal. The fee is meant to control the number of tourists entering the country and to ensure that the impact of tourism on the environment and local culture is minimized. By setting a relatively high fee, Bhutan aims to attract fewer, but higher value, tourists who are more likely to respect the environment and engage with the local communities in a meaningful way. Low Volume, High-Value Tourism One of the main reasons behind the $200 SDF is to promote low volume, high-value tourism. Bhutan's tourism policy focuses on quality over quantity, ensuring that visitors have a deeper, more immersive experience rather than a superficial one. This approach aligns with the country's commitment to sustainable development, as it prevents overcrowding at popular tourist sites and minimizes the strain on infrastructure and resources. Infrastructure and Conservation Efforts The revenue generated from the SDF is channeled into various avenues that contribute to Bhutan's development. A significant portion is allocated to infrastructure development, including the building and maintenance of roads, transportation networks, and amenities for tourists. This helps in improving accessibility to remote areas, making it possible for travelers to explore the country's natural beauty responsibly. Additionally, a substantial portion of the SDF is invested in conservation efforts. Bhutan is recognized as a global leader in environmental preservation, with a constitutional mandate to maintain at least 60% of its land under forest cover. The SDF funds projects related to forest conservation, wildlife protection, and the preservation of cultural heritage sites, ensuring that Bhutan's natural and cultural riches are safeguarded for future generations. Community Engagement and Local Empowerment A portion of the SDF is also used to support local communities. Bhutan places a strong emphasis on community-based tourism, where local communities directly benefit from tourism activities. The revenue generated helps in empowering local communities through education, healthcare, and skill development programs. This not only improves the overall well-being of the communities but also ensures that the benefits of tourism are distributed equitably. The $200 Sustainable Development Fee in Bhutan is a testament to the country's commitment to responsible tourism and sustainable development. By setting a relatively high fee, Bhutan encourages a limited number of visitors who are willing to respect the environment, engage with local communities, and contribute positively to the country's development. The revenue generated from the SDF supports infrastructure development, conservation efforts, and community empowerment, thereby creating a holistic approach to tourism that benefits both visitors and Bhutanese society as a whole.